Quantum Physics: Fundamental Principles, Technologies, and Emerging Applications

Abstract

Quantum physics emerged in the early twentieth century to explain phenomena unexplained by classical mechanics. Key developments include the Schrödinger equation, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and quantum measurement theory. These principles form the basis of advanced technologies such as quantum computers, secure quantum communication systems, high-precision sensors, and novel quantum materials. Despite rapid progress, challenges such as decoherence, scalability, and error correction remain active areas of research.